What is the skin aging process and how does it occur?
Skin aging is a progressive, complex process of structural and physiological changes that occur in all layers of the skin. It contributes to changes in the appearance and function of the skin, especially in areas that are exposed to direct sunlight. With age, the production of glycosaminoglycans and natural moisturising factor (NMF) is reduced. This leads to a decrease in the amount of sterols and ceramides in the epidermis. The skin becomes dry and sagging, losing its elasticity. Wrinkles and discolouration appear, and the contour of the face changes.
Causes of skin aging
Two types of factors are responsible for skin aging: endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external).
Endogenous factors contributing to skin aging include:
- Anatomical differences – skin thickness, amount and profile of adipose tissue.
- Hormonal imbalances – including menopause and andropause.
- Unhealthy lifestyle – unbalanced diet, vitamin deficiency, smoking.
Among the exogenous factors contributing to skin aging, we distinguish:
- Solar radiation (photoaging) – in response to excessive exposure to UV radiation, the functioning of melanocytes is disrupted, which increases melanin production. Capillaries are damaged and the amount of collagen fibers is reduced. As a result, the skin becomes dry, flaccid, and rough. Discolouration and wrinkles appear.
- Air pollution, exposure to tobacco smoke.
How does skin change with age?
The first signs of skin aging appear between the ages of 25 and 35 - in the form of expression lines and mild pigmentation changes. Dehydration of the epidermis and reduced skin elasticity can be observed.
Between the ages of 35 and 45, the aging process visibly accelerates. Expression lines deepen and furrows appear. Fat tissue from the central section of the face partially disappears and partially migrates downward.
After the age of 45, the skin becomes noticeably looser. Fat tissue accumulates in the chin, neck, and décolleté areas, altering the facial contour.
Between the ages of 55 and 65, the epidermis becomes thinner and wrinkles deepen. Pigmentation changes and excessive keratosis of the epidermis appear.
The age of 65-75+ is a time when the skin loses its healthy colour and becomes sallow. Changes related to skin depigmentation appear, as well as characteristic age spots. Solar elastosis occurs in areas exposed to UV rays. A significant loss of skin elasticity and firmness is visible.
Is it possible to delay skin aging?
Although skin aging is a process that cannot be completely stopped, it can be significantly slowed down. Healthy habits and proper facial skin care—with particular emphasis on UV protection and strengthening the hydrolipid barrier—can delay the changes caused by the passage of time.
